My comments in blue respond to this OpenAI ChatGPT composition I requested after finding major news stories which were rather incomplete in their analysis of her work.
Claudia Goldin, a prominent economist specializing in labor economics and gender studies, has conducted extensive research on the gender wage gap in advanced developed economies. Her work has identified several key factors and hypotheses that help explain the persistent wage gap between women and men. Here is a 1-2 page list of some of these hypotheses:
Introduction:
The gender wage gap refers to the disparity in earnings between women and men, often expressed as the difference in median earnings. Despite significant progress in gender equality over the years, this gap persists in advanced developed economies. Claudia Goldin's research has explored various factors contributing to this phenomenon.
1. Occupational Segregation:
- One of Goldin's hypotheses centers on the substantial occupational segregation between men and women. Women are often concentrated in lower-paying fields like education, healthcare, and social services, while men dominate higher-paying professions like engineering, technology, and finance.
Comment: There is self-recruitment by sex, by age, by race. While this is doubtlessly true, and especially true looking backward historically, you could also replace the "men and women" with "educated and non-educated" or "black and hispanic". But I like the explanation because it doesn't attribute the decision to "often concentrate" to third parties.
What I think is far more important is that our society underpays certain professions such as primary schoolteachers, police officers, and soldiers. Any "concentration" of a lower wage subset of society may tend to drive down pay negotiation.
2. Part-Time and Flexible Work:
- Women are more likely than men to work part-time or in jobs with flexible hours, often due to caregiving responsibilities. Part-time and flexible positions tend to pay less than full-time roles, contributing to the wage gap.
comment: I find this to be true, and like that it's presented as a work-life balance choice. I know men who concentrate far too much on overtime and full time employment at the cost of work-life balance (though like women's improving equality, I think men are improving in their equality as nurturers in families today - progress in both directions means pay isn't as important to everyone).
3. Motherhood Penalty:
- The "motherhood penalty" hypothesis posits that women experience a significant decline in earnings after becoming mothers. This is due to factors such as reduced work hours, career interruptions, and employer discrimination against mothers.
comment: Like "compound interest", job experience does add up mathematically. Several major advances in my own recycling career came about when an opportunity suddenly arose. If I take a cumulative year of pregnancy and maternity care, I may statistically be more likely to lose such a one time opportunity - kind of like taking all of your money out of the stock market and then putting it back in after a year.
4. Career Interruptions:
- Women may experience career interruptions more frequently than men, often to fulfill caregiving roles or manage family responsibilities. These interruptions can result in reduced work experience and fewer opportunities for career advancement.
comment: I think this is saying the same thing as my previous comment, and I thought "motherhood penalty" is primarily a career interruption. Separating #3 and #4 draws my attention to "employer discrimination against mothers" in #3. I can't say that does not happen but I don't think I've ever seen it happen apart from the lost opportunities from the career interruptions. I HAVE seen women who say they intend to have another child be taken off of a shortlist for advancement in management ("she won't be arround. she may not return") which might fit that description.
5. Gender Stereotypes and Bias:
- Goldin's research highlights the impact of gender stereotypes and bias in hiring, promotion, and pay decisions. These biases can lead to women being undervalued, even when they have comparable qualifications and experience to their male counterparts.
comment: "to be undervalued" is passive voice. Since women are now far more likely to be in management positions making these "staff valuations", one would have to assume that women are doing it to other women, or that this is improving in a big way. As someone who greatly appreciates diversity in the workplaces I manage, and in a "scrap recycling" traditionally-male career platform, I've sometimes "over-valued" women applicants in order to bring in the value of diverse workforce. In fact I heard on Hidden Brain's episode "The Secret To Great Teams" that there is concrete research suggesting that integration of men and women on Teams leads to better success than teams which are segregated - and that this has been born out in the integration of women into the armed forces and police and fire departments. 6. Negotiation Disparities:
- Differences in negotiation behavior between men and women can contribute to the wage gap. Women may be less likely to negotiate for higher salaries or promotions, which can result in lower earnings over time.
comment: Yup. I think this is huge. I observe how my twin boy negotiates and how his twin sister negotiates, and the term "ballsy" negotiator has an underlying meaning. It just takes one rewarded risk early in your career to compound over time. If each kid worked for the same company starting after college at 22 years old, and one took a gamble and got a slightly higher salary as a result, by the time they were each retiring at 65 the compound interest on that sole negotiation after years of COLA would be quite significant. This is why my wife makes me buy the cars.
7. Educational Attainment:
- Educational attainment has improved for women in recent decades, and they now often outpace men in college enrollment and degree completion. However, the wage gap persists, suggesting that education alone does not eliminate the disparity.
comment: "Persists" is a zero-sum term. "Suggesting that education alone" is also a rather lame assertion. ChatGPT seems to be covering its ass here. What specifically were the gaps in the same career (such as brain surgeon) before women were commonly brain surgeons, and what is the gap today between brain surgeons (or CPAs, or Defense Attorneys... etc.)
8. Lack of Family-Friendly Policies:
- Limited access to family-friendly policies, such as affordable childcare, paid parental leave, and flexible work arrangements, can hinder women's ability to balance work and family responsibilities, impacting their career progression and earnings.
comment: This would infer that higher paid careers such as actuaries and attorneys have less family friendly policies than lower paid careers like food service and taxi drivers. Otherwise the term "friendly" (or non-friendly) is just summarizing other points above, I think. Do women earn the same as men in offices which have more family-friendly policies?
9. Cumulative Disadvantages:
- Goldin emphasizes that the gender wage gap is not solely due to a single factor but rather a combination of factors that accumulate over a woman's lifetime. These cumulative disadvantages can result in significant income disparities.
comment: Of course this is true, just as it's true of career disparity with African Americans of either sex. Slavery ended longer ago for whites, so whites have had more time. My dad practically forced me to read Charles Dickens so I'd know just how lousy it used to be for most white men... but that was longer ago than women being granted access to voting, careers, managment, etc.
10. Cultural and Societal Norms:
- Deep-rooted cultural and societal norms regarding gender roles and expectations can influence career choices, division of household labor, and the treatment of women in the workplace.
comment: I'm sure this is undoubtably true. I've been in workplaces in other countries which are a lot worse for women than USA / EU, and in those cases women don't always stick up for one another when some women attempt to change it. The polls of women on womens suffrage, as I recall, resembled a "hockey stick" graph - after women won the right, they were as a group much less split on whether they deserved it... implying that some women polled prior to the passage were psychologically and collectively gas-lighted, as they are in countries which treat women the worst.
Conclusion:
Claudia Goldin's research underscores the multifaceted nature of the gender wage gap in advanced developed economies. While progress has been made in addressing some of these factors, persistent disparities in earnings between women and men continue to be a significant challenge. Her work highlights the need for comprehensive policies and cultural shifts to promote greater gender equality in the workplace and society as a whole.
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